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Advances in Proteomics Research in Environmental Stress Response in Plants

breakdown of starch and increased sucrose levels in response to short-term

acute ozone treatment.

Subcellular fractionation and relative protein quantification using the

2D-DIGE method were used to investigate the short and long-term cold stress

to chloroplast proteome of Arabidopsis (Goulas et al., 2006). Short-term

cold stress generated substantial changes in the stromal proteome but little

changes in the lumen proteome, whereas cold stress caused minor alterations

in the plastid proteomes. Long-term cold stress leads to a modification of

both (lumen and stroma) compartments proteomes, with the emergence of

novel proteins in the lumen and alterations in protein richness in the stroma.

A total of 43 differentially expressed proteins were discovered, including

those involved in photosynthesis, phytohormone biosynthesis, stress sensing,

signal transduction, and other plastid metabolic functions, all of which are

involved in cold stress acclimatization.

The 2D-DIGE method was used to investigate the impact of chloroplast

membrane proteins under ozone stress. Extrinsic photosystem proteins along

with ATPase subunits were discovered to be varied in number. Under stress

conditions, all the protein quantity was decreased except ferredoxin-NADP⁺

oxidoreductase. This resulted in a higher level of NADPH, which aids in the

detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) created directly or indirectly

as a result of oxidative stress (Bohler et al., 2011). The findings suggest that

long-term ozone exposure exhausts the cellular defensive mechanisms due

to the oxidative character of the stress, resulting in a reduction in the number

of photosystem subunits and other chloroplast membrane proteins.

Analysis of leaf chloroplast protein after 3 days of salt treatment in

wheat plants showed up-regulation of Rubisco, glutamate dehydrogenase,

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase,

photosystem I, and pyridoxal biosynthesis protein PDX1.2 and PDX1.3 and

the downregulation of ATP synthase (α, β, and γ) and V-type proton ATPase

subunits. These results showed a negative impact of Na⁺ on the photosyn­

thetic machinery (Kamal et al., 2012).

Comparative analysis of tolerant and susceptible cultivars of Festuca

arundinacea was analyzed Tolerant cultivar showed an up-regulation

of RubisCO activase, OEE2 (oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2), and

lipocalin. These proteins were downregulated in the susceptible cultivar

(Kosmala et al., 2012). The chloroplast proteome of Solanum lycopersicum

under drought stress and recovery (Tamburino et al., 2017). They found

the downregulation of phosphoribulokinase (PRK), chloroplast sedohep­

tulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase), ascorbate peroxidase (Apx-TL29),